MPD 101

DVD authoring
DVD. Original name=digital video disc
Later name=digital versatile disc

Why use dvd
Bigger, faster than cds, can hold cinema like video, still photos, computer data
Replaced techlogies such as
Laserdisc , Videotape ,Video game cartridges ,Audio CD ,CD-ROM

DVD Features:
4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios, 8 tracks of digital audio, 32 subtitle/karaoke tracks, seamless branching, 9 camera angles, simple interactive features, Multilingual identifying text, Instant rewind and fast forward, Instant search, Durable, resistant to magnetic fealds and heat, compact size

DVD World wide standard
MPEG
NTSC :Canada, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, Taiwan, United States …
PAL: most of Europe, most of Africa, China, India, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, North Korea …

DVD PICTURE resolution (I don’t think you need to memories but just know)
MPEG-2, 525/60 (NTSC): 720x480, 704x480, 352x480, 352x240
MPEG-2, 625/50 (PAL): 720x576, 704x576, 352x576, 352x288
MPEG-1, 525/60 (NTSC): 352x240
MPEG-1, 625/50 (PAL): 352x288

Aspect ratio
Full frame 4:3
Auto letterbox 16:9 to 4:3
Auto pan and scan 16:9 to 4:3
Wide screen 16:9 to 4:3
Dvd works onPc, mac ,dvd recorder




Editing to Picture
Editing : rearranging, shortening or deleteing
Linear editing: imagine how cutting bits of film and taping it together is like that’s linear( tape)
Non linear editing: taking footage of your hard drive (file, cd, dvd)
Audio envelobpe = changes in loudness over time with 4 stages
1 attack. Be big clank!!!! (the noise made by hitting a big bell)
2 decay when the clanck noise quites down
3.sustain when the clank keeps going for some time in the same volume
4. release when the sound goes down to nothing
Just remember ADSR

Non linear editing
Wave form = sound file
Amplitude over time = the dynamic waveform display
Selected region of wave form= defined region
Scrubbing = moving the slider back and forth
Cut, copy, paste, delete, insert, type over = just like they resemble them selves
Marker = is like a book mark in book but for audio so you can jump to a certain spot
Soft passage = low volume wave form
Loud passage= loud wave form
Transient= the highest points of wave form

Editing tips
Cut sound at silent points, just before attack or after zero crossing (zero sound(silent))
No effect during recording, keep it dry tracks (easier to edit)

Transitions
Segue or cut = simply stop sound and image and go to another sound and image
Cross-fade= fade out to another scene or audio
Fade out fade in= fade out to nothing and then fade in to the scene or audio
Editing sound= multidimensional (layers of different sound (voice, effects and all that
Editing picture= one dimension because cut from one scene to another (which is bullshit the reason we are all here is to add effects and more layers of imaging to a video and they say its one dimension my ass)

Things to consider editing speech
Sound go with words
Cutting similar and dissimilar sounds together
Creating emphasis
Room tone (ambience noise)
Fixing problematic tracks with correct action (what the hell if you can fix it there is no right or wrong)
Synchronizing dialogue to picture

Editing sound effects
Same as speech difference is more creating than fixing
Match sound to perspective meaning if its from right then the sound should come from right if far away should sound like from far away
Cut close to attack
Keep natural decay
Don’t layer sfx over dialogue if off screen
Sink the soud precise to the exact frame and test to see where it would be best

Cutting music
Cutting to resolution
Keep tempo
“Repetitibe measures Matching key chords matching style and texture” basicly keep the rhythm intact
Cut to picture don’t mismatch because sometimes audio leads the video and the other way round so keep them going together
And take breaks (hahahahaha so funny… stupid remark)



Malaysian Broadcast System

Objectives
To evaluate tv programs technically
To report technical problems to the vendor for immediate action

Tape specification
Must be betacam digital formatlarge tape not small dv tape
One program one tape
Specific recording for BETACAM = refrence of audio and video signal playback
Color bar 100% luminance 75% chrominance
audio tone 1khz, tone -12DB continuous
video level 1vp-p

Laders for BETACAM recording
00:00:00:00-00:01:30:00 --color bar and tone
00:01:30:00-00:01:35:00 –black no audio
00:01:35:00-00:01:45:00 –slate
00:01:45:00-00:01:50:00 –black no audio
00:01:50:00-00:02:00:00 –ccount down
00:02:00:00 –program start
End
5 second trail

Rejected if
No color bar
No audio tone
No timecode starts
No slate
If Peak level is 100%
If Black level over 2.5%
If it has Chrome leve
If the foucs is soft
If frame jitters
If video is streaking
If its overexposed
If the quality is bad if aspect ratio is not 4:3
Audio 1 channel only may be only chanel 2 is working or maybe only channel 1 is working
Audio Channel cancellation
Distorted audio
Unbalance audio channels

Quality control
1st assessment no problem – report approved
Problem – report goes to film vendor for further action
2nd assessment comparison with first
no problem – report approved
Problem – report goes to film vendor for further action
3rd assessment no opinion- need approval from film vendor to be assessment
no problem – report approved
Problem – report goes to film vendor for further action



Work flow

Activity of video post production
Post-production= all production after recording ends
Including
edit decision list (logging)
editing the picture
editing the soundtrack (synchronization, dubbing dialogue/narration/voice-over)
writing/selecting/editing music
adding visual effects
adding sound effects (Foley, sound design)
adding titles & graphics
mastering (print-to-tape)/exporting

The Flow
view and label
tapes ---> digitizing--->sound design (done In studio)---> editing picture and sound--->add special effects, titles and graphics
and
view log and footage week1--->rough cut week2--->test screening and getting feedback week--->revision week 4--->final cut week5 ---> master to tape and duplicate if needed week6

Editing Process (most important step)
organize your clips : “1 digitizing 2 video log (labeled video)makes life easier.log sheet: must have Date,Speed (SP/LP), Camera, Title of tape, Description of shot/scene (with notes(affects editing decision), time-code (in/out point) Timecode – hour: minute: second: frame, do same for all media like music and sound assemble (like puzzle (sound + video) are put together to create meaning (story)---> composition= making decisions on final cut
linear editing: lay down shot one after another in linear fashion using video switcher still used in live shows
assemble: assembling video and sound from one tape to another while playing e.g. like recording channel changes on tv
insert: when the video and sound are put on the separately from different sources to video tape for example. With keeping previous recordings intact
setup: footage --->controller( video switcher, video mixer)---> tape recorder
video mixer= machine that uses library of footage to edit video in linear fashion
non linear editing system NLE= modern editing method use for post production
data is digitized and stored on HDD



Editing Dialogue
learn the language of film = combination of image and sound with system and syntax eg starting on master shot and matching similar angles

understand story teller= knowing the story and answering who what why when where and how (components of a story) eg close up shows the character “who”
“story= a way of packing info so it’s easy to understand”

find theme= what is the story about? Camera angle lighting (mise-en-scene) If editor doesn’t know the theme he can’t make it work

pursuing invisible art=having cuts that are invisible by cutting in action and such things

editing the basic dialogue sequence= know your footage, arrange and label, begin with master shot and watch the actors performance

new shot = new info so tell it with the write shot eg. new character use medium close up so you can answer who and where and cut with matching angles



Movie Trailer

the success of movie = posters and trailers
trailer=1-3 minutes, shown mostly before other movies in cinema
function= to attract but not to spoil the movie for people
some trailer use special shoots for trailer such as psycho, terminator 2

Trailers have
1green band= the green screen before the trailer showing the target audience
2logos= companies logos
3voice over= narration “one man ….. with one desire….. one destiny” you get the picture
4music= popular music or from other movies to give mood and familiarity cause no music has been made for the movie yet (load of crap)
5cast run= a voice over or text or just images that is shown to show the stars even producer if well known
6billing block = the cast and crew printed at the end
6main title= the main title “ transformers……. Coming soon”

Trailer houses= companies that make trailers. Market research is conducted the footage is given to trailer house from the studio to make the trailer

Trailers are
Made before the highly anticipated movie to attach viewer
For games too
Cliché because it is efficient and effective
May be rearranged to mislead and maximize the effect
Always aware of how much they give away
That breaks these forms like x-men trailer which is a realistic talk by senator against the mutants

Teaser is
Mini version of trailer 30sec



Editing Aesthetics

On screen reality= spatial and temporal relationships

Maintaining spatial and temporal=continuity

Film space = spatial relationship between the actors, Eye-line match; shot/reverse-shot, composition, camera movements eg CU of legs falling into water cut to LS of ocean

Time= order of cuts, compression (changing mise-en-scne to show years have passed), expansion (longer on screen than in reality eg the punch in matrix 3

Continuity= comparison of shots eg ECU to MCU then to LS not from ECU to LS, screen direction if the character is moves to the his right the camera moves to screen right. 180 degree rule by keeping camera movement with in 180 degrees of the focal point. Use cut away with a neutral angle if you want to break the 180 degree rule eg show another part of the scene between changing the shot to the other over shoulder shot

Jump cut= when character is walking screen right and reaches the right of screen and the next cut he is in the left of the screen moving still to right.

Cut on action= cutting right before an action like drinking or taking a puff of cigarette
Parallel cutting or crosscutting= cutting between two or more shots

Flash back/ forward= a break in the continuous flow of time and space of the narrative

Montage= the juxtaposition of brief shots to create an idea, an emotion or a situation, or shows the passage of time. Eg. hulk showing some flower at some point to bring peace and tranquility to the scene
Graphic possibilities= what the picture looks like
Rhythmic possibilities= based on rhythm and tempo



Type In Motion

Type in motion=type moving through space and time. In order to convey a message beyond the meaning of the work the type represents.
Legibility- the message conveyed through movement of the type
Medium= in what will the medium be seen
Context=where will it be seen

Meaning
Denotative- specific meaning (straight forward meaning)
Connotative- implied meaning (meaning behind it)
Intonation= animated according to its words or the way the actor says it
Characteristic= case, face, posture, width, weight, scale eg. when type is in upper- case it is shouting to you
Distortion=transforms words into symbols and images. blur, crop, fracture, blur and fracture, Specialty
Elaboration= creates emphasis color, negation, subtraction, repetition
Support= what help support the meaning that is intended to be given line symbol shape image audio

Time frame
Linear=like a type in a movie with beginning middle and end
Non linear= internet button
Components= layered, sequential. Simultaneous. Dynamic juxtaposition
Hierarchy of sequential structure= type dominant, image dominant, audio dominant or a mix
Transition=cut, fades, dissolves, wipe
Rhythm and pace= rhythm is an action that recurs regularly and pace is the rate of the rhythm
Film tv title sequence= usually at the start of the movie when the director and the cast and crew are named with types with the title



The Language of Editing

Editing = coordination of one shot with the next, the process of putting different shots to create an easily understandable story. The art of juxtaposition of shot to create meaning and impact
Juxtaposition= to put different shots together, especially in order to show a contrast or a new relationship between them.

Choose and select-->decision making-->composition-->final product

Raw footage= material on tape and file which the editor needs to work on

SMPTE time-code=the society of motion picture and television engineer = 00:00:00:00 hour:min:sec:frame

Frame= a frame is one of many images of a film

Shot= single uninterrupted roll of film with beginning middle and end

Take= a shot may have many takes for editing purposes from different angles or with different emotions

Cut away= a shot taped for transitional use eg showing the street outside the coffee shop in friends

Master scene= or master shot is the shot with all the scene in view

Cut= between two shots or when one shot ends and another begins

Trimming= the process of fine-tuning the transitions in terms of timing

Fade = fading of a shot to another

Wipe = a cut that seems to wipe the last shot away to the new shot

Dissolve = a cut that the previous shot dissolves to another where at one moment it seems two
shots are mixed together

Key= A key is the replacing of part of an existing picture with a portion of a different video.

Chroma key= the keyhole is made up of every part of the image that is a certain color. Concept of the blue/green screen. Like flash backs

Luminance key (Luma key)=It carves the keyhole based on brightness level. Like over exposes the scene to cut to the next or vise versa
Element of editing

Motivation= the reason to make the edit

Composition= camera angels position of camera and the mise-en-scene. Principle of cutting, timing (when to cut) and pacing (how long or shot a shot must be). Space(showing area where?) and compression (make it less boring by compressing time)

Sound=impact of editing sound to accompany the images. Sound can prepare the audience for a change of scene, location, situation, emotion, and time period. Rhythm of the sound/music VS rhythm of the shots/images.

Continuity= story telling with image and sound without distraction by maintaining spatial
continuity (180degree rule, eye line match, screen direction, match on action). Temporal continuity with controlling frequency and duration

Alternatives to continuity= graphic and rhythmic possibilities which relays on visual elements like shooting only round objects. Montage using metaphor juxtaposition of shots to create mood




[NOTE:]
Hope its useful for you guys just one thing: if you ever see " à ", it's actually an arrow " --> " ... for some reason it doesn't wanna change to normal.

Good luck for the exams.